Academic research
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Academic research
«سیراف: تجارت دریایی ایران و چین در اواخر ساسانی و صدر اسلام»، دانشگاه تهران
Academic research
A.H. Ali, "Geopolitical characteristics and connotations in the Arab Gulf States", Energy Reports (2025)
Academic research
AAPG Explorer -- The First Oil Field in the Middle East
Primary document
Act on the Marine Areas of Iran in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea (1993)
Academic research
AGSI -- Saudi Oil Reserves: A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery
Academic research
Al Kindi et al., «Expanding ocean protection and peace: science diplomacy in the Gulf»
Academic research
Al-Saidi, «The perils of building big: Desalination sustainability», *Environmental Development* (2024)
Academic research
Amin-Mansour & Al-Saidi -- Cooperation on the Marine Environment Can Unite the Gulf
Academic research
ANU CAIS, «China's Marginal Involvement in the 2023 Iran-Saudi Reconciliation»
News report
AP, «Trump to say US will call the Persian Gulf the Arabian Gulf» (۷ مه ۲۰۲۵)
News report
Architect's Newspaper -- Bahrain Pearling Path retrospective
Academic research
Baker Institute -- The Energy Transition Roils the Land of Oil
Academic research
Bitar, "Port Cities in the Persian Gulf: From Quiet Pearling Towns to Global Cities", Monsoon 1(1) 2023
Academic research
Brookings, "Economic diversification in the Gulf: Time to redouble efforts"
Academic research
Buderi & Ricart, The Iran-UAE Gulf Islands Dispute (Brill, 2018)
Academic research
Burt et al., «Causes and consequences of the 2017 coral bleaching event»
Academic research
Cai et al., "Configuration and Timing of Collision Between Arabia and Eurasia", Tectonics 40 (2021)
News report
CBS News, Tanker owner seems to dispute U.S. account of Gulf of Oman attack
Academic research
Chinese Journal of Comparative Law (OUP)، «Analyzing the Persian Gulf Naming Dispute…» (۲۰۲۴)
News report
CMESS، «آیا تحریمهای ایران به توسعهٔ کشورهای حاشیه کمک کرد؟»
News report
CMESS، «چالشها و سیاستهای جمعیتی در کشورهای عرب حاشیهٔ خلیج فارس»
Academic research
Coles & Riegl, «Thermal tolerances of reef corals in the Gulf»
Academic research
Comments & Reply on Rose 2010 (Carter, Černý, Vahdati Nasab)
Academic research
D. Whitehouse, "Sīrāf: a Sasanian port", Antiquity 45 (1971)
Academic research
D.T. Potts, "Cultural, economic and political relations between Mesopotamia, the Gulf region and India before Alexander" (2016)
Academic research
D.T. Potts, "Indian Ocean", Encyclopaedia Iranica
Academic research
D.T. Potts, "Pearl ii. Islamic Period", Encyclopaedia Iranica
Academic research
D.T. Potts, "Persian Gulf i. In Antiquity", Encyclopaedia Iranica
Academic research
Dehghani, Continental Shelf Delimitation in the Persian Gulf (UN-Nippon Fellowship)
News report
DW, «Tanker attacks in the Gulf -- evidence or warmongering?» (21 Jun 2019)
Academic research
E. Naki, "The End of Portuguese Dominance in the Persian Gulf: Safavid-English Alliance" (2022)
Institutional report
EIA -- Strait of Hormuz remains critical oil chokepoint
Institutional report
EIA -- World Oil Transit Chokepoints
Institutional report
EIA Country Analysis Brief: Iran (2024)
Academic research
EJIL:Talk!, «Unchanging Waters: Persian Gulf Name Dispute in International Law» (2025)
Academic research
Elsevier, "Persian Gulf -- an overview", ScienceDirect Topics
General reference
Encyclopædia Britannica, "Persian Gulf"
Academic research
Encyclopaedia Iranica, "ANGLO-PERSIAN OIL COMPANY"
Academic research
Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Characene and Charax Spasinou in Pre-Islamic Times"
Academic research
Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Hormuz ii. Islamic Period"
Academic research
Encyclopaedia Iranica, "OIL INDUSTRY ii. Iran's Oil and Gas Resources"
Academic research
F. Bishara/N. Al-Mansoor, "The Diver's New Papers…", JESHO 64 (2021)
Academic research
Fattouh & Sen (OIES) -- Economic diversification in Arab oil-exporting countries
Academic research
G. Bruss, "The Dilmun Bioarchaeology Project (Cornwall Collection)", AAE 2012
Academic research
Ghahremani, The Status of the Greater and Lesser Tonb and Abu Musa
News report
GlobalSecurity, "Anglo-Qawasim Pirate Wars 1809--1820"
Institutional report
GOV.UK, «New Royal Navy operations hub opens in Gulf» (2018)
Primary document
GOV.UK, Gulf of Oman attacks: UK statement (14 Jun 2019)
Academic research
Gundlach et al., «Distribution of oil along the Saudi Arabian coastline», *Mar. Poll. Bull.* 27 (1993)
Academic research
HBKU -- Pearling as National Heritage (Arab-side framing)
Academic research
Hosseini et al., «Marine health of the Arabian Gulf ... desalination», *Mar. Poll. Bull.* 164 (2021)
Academic research
Hume et al., "Symbiodinium thermophilum… world's hottest sea", Scientific Reports 5:8562 (2015)
Academic research
Ibrahim, Xue & Eltahir, "Multiple Salinity Equilibria…", Frontiers in Marine Science 7:573 (2020)
Primary document
ICJ, Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States), Judgment (2003)
Institutional report
IEA, *Oil 2025* + Executive Summary
Institutional report
IHO, "Limits of Oceans and Seas", 3rd ed. (1953)
Institutional report
ILO, "Social protection for migrant workers in GCC countries"
Academic research
Iranica, "East Africa i. Economic, Political and Cultural Relations through 1900"
Academic research
Iranica, "Maritime Trade i. Pre-Islamic Period"
Academic research
J. Flores, "Portugal i. Relations with Persia in the Early Modern Age", Iranica
Academic research
J. Onley, "Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820--1971: The Politics of Protection", CIRS (2009)
Academic research
J.I. Rose, "New Light on Human Prehistory in the Arabo-Persian Gulf Oasis", Current Anthropology 51(6) (2010)
Academic research
Jahani et al., "The eastern termination of the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt", Tectonics (2009)
Academic research
Joydas et al., 1991 spill long-term, *Front. Mar. Sci.* (2017)
Academic research
K. Ehsani, "Oil Discovery and the Formation of a New Iranian Society" (Toiling for Oil)
Academic research
K. Lambeck, "Shoreline reconstructions for the Persian Gulf since the last glacial maximum", EPSL 142 (1996)
Academic research
Kämpf & Sadrinasab, "The circulation of the Persian Gulf", Ocean Science 2 (2006)
Academic research
Konyuhov & Maleki, "The Persian Gulf Basin: Geological history…", Lithology and Mineral Resources 41 (2006)
Academic research
Konyuhov & Maleki, Lithology and Mineral Resources (2006)
Academic research
L. Stephenson, «Mobility, Identity and Sovereignty in the Persian Gulf»
Academic research
L.G. Potter (ed.), *The Persian Gulf in History* (Palgrave)
Academic research
Laherrère et al., "How much oil remains for the world to produce?" (2022)
Academic research
Levinson, «Mapping the Persian Gulf Naming Dispute», ETC (2011)
Academic research
Lidour et al., "Exploring the Early Neolithic in the Arabian Gulf" (GHG0088), PLOS One (2025)
Academic research
Lindén et al., «The Environmental Impacts of the Gulf War 1991», IIASA
Academic research
Lokier et al., "Late Quaternary sea-level changes of the Persian Gulf", Quaternary Research (2015)
Academic research
M. Beech et al., "Excavations at MR11 on Marawah Island", Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
News report
M. Lynch, "Saudi Oil Confounds the Skeptics", Forbes 2016
Academic research
MEI -- Iranian Migrants in the Arab Countries of the Persian Gulf
Academic research
MEI -- Sharing a Pot of Gold: Iran, Qatar and the Pars Gas Field
Institutional report
MEMAC -- Marine Emergency Mutual Aid Centre
Academic research
Motamedi et al., "Multi-phase Hormuz salt diapirism in the southern Zagros", J. Petroleum Geology (2011)
Academic research
N. Fuccaro, «Purity and Confusion: The Hawala between Persians and Arabs»
Academic research
N. Fuccaro, *Histories of City and State in the Persian Gulf*
Academic research
Naderi Beni et al., "Climate change: A driver of future conflicts in the Persian Gulf Region?", Heliyon 7(2) 2021
Primary document
National Geographic, Statement on Persian Gulf/Arabian Gulf (2004, archived)
Academic research
NCAR/NOAA -- Kuwait Oil Fire Smoke Experiment (600 wells, 3000 t soot/day)
Institutional report
NHHC, H-Gram 018 «The Tanker War / Iran Air 655»
News report
NPR, «Iran Denies U.S. Claim That It Attacked Tankers…»
Primary document
OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2024
Academic research
Pal & Eltahir, «Future temperature in southwest Asia … threshold for human adaptability»
Academic research
Pirouz et al., "Flexural bending of the Zagros foreland basin", GJI 210(3) (2017)
News report
Pleiades (Stoa)، «Persicus Sinus / Persikos kolpos»
Academic research
Potter, «Gulf War and Persia», Encyclopaedia Iranica -- ⚠ عنوان دقیق تأیید شود
Academic research
Potter, «Society in the Persian Gulf: Before and After Oil» (Georgetown 2017)
Institutional report
QDL, "Home and Away: The Itinerant History of the Hawala Arabs"
Institutional report
QDL, "The Legacy of 'The General Treaty'"
News report
QIL/QDI, «The Strait of Hormuz»
Institutional report
Quincy Institute, Toward an Inclusive Security Arrangement in the Persian Gulf
Academic research
R. Carter, "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC", Antiquity 80 (2006)
Academic research
Riegl & Purkis (eds.), «Coral Reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Climatic Extremes»
Institutional report
ROPME -- ROPME Sea Area / Establishment of ROPME
Academic research
Salimi et al., «Energy Transition and the Geopolitical Importance of Oil-Exporting Countries»
Primary document
Saudi-Kuwait joint note to the UN on Durra (Dec 2011)
Academic research
Sembroni et al., "The geologic configuration of the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt", Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews (2024)
Academic research
Shahdadi & Chan, "Phylogeography of Ligia persica challenges the Tabula Rasa hypothesis", J. Biogeography (2026)
Academic research
Sharnoff, «The Arab-Iranian Stamp War Over the Persian Gulf 1949--1973», J. Middle East and Africa (2025)
Academic research
Sheppard et al., «The Gulf: a young sea in decline», Mar. Poll. Bull.
Institutional report
Smithsonian Folklife -- Pearl-Diving Music
Primary document
SPA, «Joint Statement … Saudi, Iranian Foreign Ministers» -- سند اولیه
Academic research
Sultan bin Muhammad al-Qasimi, *The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf* (1986)
Academic research
T. Daryaee, "The Sasanian 'Mare Nostrum': The Persian Gulf"
News report
The World (PRX)، «A gulf by any other name» (۲۰۱۷)
Institutional report
U.S. Dept of State, "Limits in the Seas No. 94"
Institutional report
U.S. EIA, "Strait of Hormuz -- world's most important oil transit chokepoint"
Primary document
UAE letter to the UN Secretary-General, S/2016/245 (2016)
Primary document
UN DOALOS, Iran maritime boundary agreements
Primary document
UN News -- Bahrain pearling / DANAT (2025)
Primary document
UN Secretariat, «Use of terms Persian Gulf and Shatt al-Arab» (۱۹۹۰)
Primary document
UN Secretariat, ST/CS/SER.A/29/Rev.1 (1999)
Primary document
UN Security Council Repertoire 1969-71, Question concerning Abu Musa and the Tunbs
Primary document
UN Security Council Resolution 678 (1990)
Primary document
UN Treaty Collection, Kuwait Regional Convention 1978
Primary document
UN Treaty Series, Exchange of letters concerning Abu Musa (I-55801)
Primary document
UN, «Saudi Arabia--Iran islands & boundary agreement 1968»
Primary document
UNCLOS Part III -- Straits Used for International Navigation
Institutional report
UNEP -- Kuwait Convention
Institutional report
UNESCO ICH -- Al-Ahalla (UAE, 2025)
Institutional report
UNESCO ICH -- Fjiri
Institutional report
UNESCO ICH -- Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats
Primary document
UNGEGN WP61 -- Historical, Geographical and Legal Validity of the Name Persian Gulf (Iran delegation, 2006)
Academic research
Uni Graz -- The language of the Arab minority in southern Iran
Institutional report
Univ. of Birmingham, "Lost civilization under Persian Gulf?" (2010)
Academic research
Univ. of Tehran (WSPS)، «From One Gulf to Two Gulfs…»
Institutional report
US Naval History and Heritage Command, Operation Praying Mantis
Institutional report
US Office of the Historian, The Gulf War, 1991
Institutional report
US State Dept, U.S. Security Cooperation with Bahrain
News report
USGS FS 2012-3115 (Arabian Peninsula & Zagros undiscovered)
Academic research
Vecellio et al., «Evaluating the 35°C wet-bulb temperature adaptability threshold»
Academic research
Whitehouse & Williamson, "Sasanian Maritime Trade", Iran 11 (1973)
General reference
Wikipedia -- Ajam Emiratis (40--60% figure)
General reference
Wikipedia -- Palm Islands (5.6 km², 120 M m³ sand)
General reference
Wikipedia -- South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field
General reference
Wikipedia, «May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident»
General reference
Wikipedia, «Persian Gulf naming dispute»
General reference
Wikipedia, June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
General reference
Wikipedia, Tanker War
Primary document
Wikisource, "General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy…" (متن کامل)
News report
آسو، «نفت و آب؛ جنگ نفتکشها»
News report
اکوایران -- جنگ آب در خلیج فارس (وابستگی نمکزدایی)
News report
ایبنا، «ناسیونالیست عربی که در نامهٔ خود از واژهٔ خلیج فارس استفاده کرد»
News report
ایبنا، «نگاهی به جنگ نفتکشها»
News report
ایرانوایر، «ادعای ۱۰۰۰ صفحهای امارات درباره جزایر سهگانه»
News report
ایرانوایر، «تکرار جنگ نفتکشها پس از ۳۰ سال»
News report
ایرنا، «سند ۱۳۴ ساله در تبریز؛ نام خلیج فارس در نقشه تاریخی»
News report
ایسنا، «نفت چه زمانی در ایران کشف شد؟»
Institutional report
بنیاد ایرانشناسی، «آشنایی با ویژگیهای طبیعی خلیج فارس»
News report
بیبیسی فارسی، «ادامه مناقشه ایران با کویت و عربستان بر سر … میدان گازی آرش»
News report
پارسیانجمن، «نام خلیج فارس»
News report
پایگاه میراث فرهنگی (chtn)، «اهمیت خلیج فارس در گذر زمان»
Academic research
پرتال جامع علوم انسانی، «نبرد برای آزادی هرمز»
News report
پیامما -- خلیج فارس؛ فلاتِ قارهای زنده بر لبهٔ تابآوری
News report
تابناک، «بازخوانی تاریخ؛ توهم اماراتیها دربارهٔ جزایر سهگانه»
News report
تابناک، «تغییر نام خلیج فارس از سوی ترامپ لغو شد»
News report
جامعهٔ اندیشکدهها، «تأثیر توافق ایران، عربستان و چین بر نفوذ آمریکا در منطقه»
News report
خبرگزاری آنا، «چرا خلیج فارس بیش از هر جای دیگر نفت و گاز دارد»
News report
خبرگزاری مهر، «خلیج فارس معدن مروارید جهان»
General reference
دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی، مدخل «خلیج فارس»
Academic research
ژورنال حقوق بشر (IHRCI)، «رویکرد کنوانسیون ۱۹۸۲ … میدان گازی آرش»
Academic research
سرافراز و همکاران، «بازنگری تاریخ اولیهٔ خلیج فارس با تأکید بر نقش اتحادیهٔ عیلامی»، دانشگاه تهران
News report
سیایران، «کارتاز، اولین عوارض دریایی هرمز؛ نبرد دزد دریا و صاحب دریا»
Academic research
سیویلیکا -- حمایت از محیط زیست دریایی خلیج فارس با تأکید بر کنوانسیون کویت
News report
عجم مدیا کالکتیو -- جامعهٔ ایرانیان آفریقاییتبار
News report
عصرایران، «ماجرای تصمیم جنجالی سال ۱۳۳۹…»
Academic research
غفوری و حاجیانپور، «تأثیر تجارت مروارید خلیج فارس در شکلگیری صلح دائم دریایی»، دانشگاه تبریز
News report
فرارو، «چند نکته درباره ایجاد یک رژیم حقوقی جدید برای تنگه هرمز»
News report
فرارو، «درباره رژیم حقوقی عبور از تنگه هرمز چه میدانیم؟»
General reference
مؤسسهٔ حقوقی هامون، «ادعاهای امارات نسبت به سه جزیره»
News report
مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی -- «همه آنچه دربارهٔ خلیج فارس گفته نمیشود» (مشکور)
News report
مرکز مطالعات استراتژیک و منطقهای (CSRS)، «کشورهای عربی خلیج فارس در قبال حملهٔ آمریکا و اسرائیل بر ایران»
Academic research
همان ropme-mpa-study (مستندسازی مسئلهٔ نام/وضعیت با ایران/کویت/قطر)
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی -- ایرانیان آفریقاییتبار
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی -- میدان گازی پارس جنوبی
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «بازیهای همبستگی کشورهای اسلامی»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «بندر سیراف»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «تحریف نام خلیج فارس»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «تصرف ابوموسی و تنب بزرگ و کوچک»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «تنگه هرمز»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «جنگ نفتکشها»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «حادثهٔ ژوئن ۲۰۱۹ دریای عمان»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «حاکمیت ایران بر جزایر سهگانه» (زاویهٔ قواسم لنگه)
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «دزدی دریایی در خلیج فارس»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «شرکت نفت و گاز پارس»
General reference
ویکیپدیای فارسی، «میدان گازی آرش»
News report